Category: Linux

Linux rules the world, right?

Install Fedora Workstation 30 (Gnome GUI)

This tutorial will show you the simple steps of installing a modern Linux Distribution like Fedora 30 Workstation with Gnome for the user graphical interface. First, we present the basic steps for installing the Operating system in addition to your present operating systems (here we also have Windows 10) and then you can see some screenshots of the installed system and the look and feel of it. We have other tutorials showing more screenshots of the installed and working Fedora 29 (Gnome and KDE plasma) – so you can decide which of them to try first – coming soon.

The Fedora 30 Workstation comes with

  • Xorg X server – 1.20.4 XWayland is used by default
  • GNOME (the GUI) – 3.32.1
  • linux kernel – 5.0.9

Check out our article about what software is included in comming soon.

The installation process is very similar to the old Fedora Workstation 27, Fedora Workstation 28 and Fedora Workstation 29, in fact the main difference is the creation of an user, which the setup is not responsible anymore, the creation of an user is done by the first boot after installation. Our system was pretty good – Asus X399 with AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X and NVIDIA 1080 Ti and the setup loaded successfully and there were no problems till the end.

We used the following ISO for the installation process:

https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/30/Workstation/x86_64/iso/Fedora-Workstation-Live-x86_64-30-1.2.iso

It is a LIVE image so you can try it before installing. The easiest way is just to download the image and burn it to a DVD disk and then follow the installation below:

SCREENSHOT 1) Here is our “UEFI BIOS->Boot->Boot Override” and in most modern motherboard you can choose to override the default boot devices.

Choose the “UEFI: HL-DT-STDVDRAM…” to boot and install Fedora Workstation 30 with UEFI support. You should do this, because most of the new hardware like video cards would not work properly without being in UEFI mode.

main menu
Boot from DVD/USB Installation

Keep on reading!

Pages: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3, Page 4

using portage eix for the first time – cannot open database file

Installing “app-portage/eix” in Gentoo to manage your portage updates you might encounter this error, when trying to use “eix” for the first time:

Writing database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix...
cannot open database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix for writing (mode = 'wb')

The chances are missing directory “/var/cache/eix/” or the user:group of the “/var/cache/eix/” is root:root, which is NOT right.

The user:group must be “portage:portage”.

So the solution is really simple:

mkdir -p /var/cache/eix
chown portage:portage /var/cache/eix

Output – the errors you might get

Using the eix-sync failed with:

root@srv1 ~ # eix-sync 
 * eix-cache does not exist
 * Running eix-update
Reading Portage settings...
Building database (/var/cache/eix/portage.eix)...
[0] "gentoo" /usr/portage/ (cache: metadata-md5-or-flat)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished             
[1] "myportage" /usr/local/myportage (cache: parse|ebuild*#metadata-md5#metadata-flat#assign)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished    
Applying masks...
Calculating hash tables...
Writing database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix...
cannot open database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix for writing (mode = 'wb')
 * eix-update failed
 * Time statistics:
     6 seconds for initial eix-update
     6 seconds total

Using the “eix-update” failed, too.

root@srv ~ # eix-update 
Reading Portage settings...
Building database (/var/cache/eix/portage.eix)...
[0] "gentoo" /usr/portage/ (cache: metadata-md5-or-flat)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished             
[1] "myportage" /usr/local/myportage (cache: parse|ebuild*#metadata-md5#metadata-flat#assign)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished    
Applying masks...
Calculating hash tables...
Writing database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix...
cannot open database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix for writing (mode = 'wb')

Output 2 – Successful update with eix

root@srv ~ # eix-update 
Reading Portage settings...
Building database (/var/cache/eix/portage.eix)...
[0] "gentoo" /usr/portage/ (cache: metadata-md5-or-flat)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished             
[1] "myportage" /usr/local/myportage (cache: parse|ebuild*#metadata-md5#metadata-flat#assign)
     Reading category 167|167 (100) Finished    
Applying masks...
Calculating hash tables...
Writing database file /var/cache/eix/portage.eix...
Database contains 19544 packages in 167 categories

Kernel loads only single processor on multi-processor system – ACPI: x2apic entry ignored

There multiple reports on this issue with different processors

kernel, which worked perfectly on multiple systems, loads on our new server and only one processor is shown

Just for the record, the SMP is enabled in the kernel (and in the BIOS – Hyperthreading and multicores are enabled, too):

root@srv ~ # zcat /proc/config.gz | grep 'CONFIG_SMP'
CONFIG_SMP=y

The problem is x2APIC Support in the BIOS of your server.

Apparently, our kernel (version 4.18.12) missed the kernel feature:

root@srv ~ # zcat /proc/config.gz | grep -i 'x2apic'
root@srv

You can see no kernel configuration entry “CONFIG_X86_X2APIC=y” is shown from the above command.

And if your BIOS enables the support of x2APIC you may end up with just one processor under Linux.

This was the case in our server. The x2APIC support is enabled in the BIOS and our kernel (version 4.18.12) does not have CONFIG_X86_X2APIC enabled.
To fix this issue you first might disable the feature in the BIOS and you are going to have all your processors shown and they could be used to compile fast your new kernel (of course, in the case you use custom kernel) after you enable the feature in the kernel CONFIG_X86_X2APIC, which is under
Kernel Configuration —> [*] Support x2apic. The asterisk means it is enabled, so build your kernel. Check and enable this “Device Drivers –> IOMMU Hardware Support –> Support for Interrupt Remapping”, too.
Here you can see how to enable and disable processor x2APIC support in HP ProLiant DL160 Gen9 (2 processors Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630 v4 @ 2.20GHz) – Enable or Disable the processor x2APIC support in HP ProLiant DL160 Gen9.
Keep on reading!

Pages: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3

bind – dump cache, how much memory might be occupied by the query cache

It is difficult to understand how BIND manages the occupied memory of your server. And most of the problems for DNS forwarders are the memory related – it grows enormously and if you try limiting it you might end up with a DNS server dropping some connections.
So if you have a DNS BIND9 server (especially a forwarder) you can dump the query cache into a file and see the size of the file. Such you might get the tentative memory usage of your BIND9 server.

rdnc dumpdb

To dump the query cache.

A real world example. Always include “-all” to be sure all the cache is dumped in the file!

root@srv1 # rndc dumpdb -all
root@srv1 # ls -altr /var/bind/
total 141596
drwxrwxr-x 2 bind bind      4096 Jan 25 00:56 pri
drwxrwxr-x 2 bind bind      4096 Jan 25 00:56 dyn
-rw-rwxr-- 1 bind bind      3289 Jan 25 00:58 root.cache
drwxr-xr-x 5 bind bind      4096 Feb 13 05:15 ..
drwxrwxr-x 2 bind bind     12288 May  7 10:00 sec
drwxrwxr-x 5 bind bind      4096 May  8 03:52 .
-rw-r--r-- 1 bind bind 144810299 May  8 03:56 named_dump.db

As you can see our dump file is around 139 Mbytes size, so you can expect at least 140 Mbytes of memory to be used for the BIND9 query cache. You can track in your case the footprint of named process and the size of the dump file.

Here is what you can find in the named_dump.db file:

; Zone dump of '10.10.10.in-addr.arpa/IN/america'
;
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                      86400 IN SOA      ns1.exa-ns5.com. wdns.exa-ns5.com. 2065407385 60 30 2419200 30
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns1.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns2.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns4.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns5.exa-ns5.com.
1.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                    86400 IN PTR      1.example.com.
2.10.10.10.in-addr.arpa.                    86400 IN PTR      2.example.com.
;
; Zone dump of '10.10.11.in-addr.arpa/IN/america'
;
10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                      86400 IN SOA      ns1.exa-ns5.com. wdns.exa-ns5.com. 2065407385 60 30 2419200 30
10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns1.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns2.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns4.exa-ns5.com.
10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                      1800 IN NS        ns5.exa-ns5.com.
18.10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                   86400 IN PTR      ns1.exa-ns5.com.
19.10.10.11.in-addr.arpa.                   86400 IN PTR      ns2.exa-ns5.com.

; Zone dump of 'example.com/IN/america'
;
example.com.                                    180 IN SOA        ns1.exa-ns5.com. support.example.com. 2065407734 60 30 2419200 30
example.com.                                    1800 IN NS        ns1.exa-ns5.com.
example.com.                                    1800 IN NS        ns2.exa-ns5.com.
example.com.                                    1800 IN NS        ns4.exa-ns5.com.
example.com.                                    1800 IN NS        ns5.exa-ns5.com.
example.com.                                    180 IN MX         1 ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM.
example.com.                                    180 IN MX         5 ALT1.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM.
example.com.                                    180 IN MX         5 ALT2.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM.
example.com.                                    180 IN MX         10 ASPMX2.GOOGLEMAIL.COM.
example.com.                                    180 IN MX         10 ASPMX3.GOOGLEMAIL.COM.
*.210.example.com.                            180 IN A          10.10.10.10
*.2107.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.10.134
*.2109.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.10.138
*.2115.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.10.98
*.2117.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.10.99
*.2119.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.11.2
*.2131.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.11.6
*.2246.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.11.11.13
*.2260.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.11.12.184
*.2271.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.11.13.158
*.2298.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.11.14.14
*.2292.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.15.65
*.2296.example.com.                           180 IN A          10.10.10.100

Here is the syntax

You can dump only a zone or view.

  dumpdb [-all|-cache|-zones] [view ...]
                Dump cache(s) to the dump file (named_dump.db).

List all your files (and directories) with file size over FTP without ls -R (recursive)

A great piece of software is

lftp – sophisticated file transfer program

This little console tool could ease your life significantly with many enhancements to the simple FTP protocol. This tip is for those how what to list all their files in a directory or the entire FTP account, but do not have ls command with recursive abilities. So the only option is to manually go through all the directories to fetch the listing information of the directories, but this could be automatically done by

lftp using the custom command “find” and if you add “-l” argument the output is like “ls -al” – file or directory, file permissions, user and group, file size, date and file name are shown on single line for each file.

Just execute the command with proper credentials and the starting directory of your choice. The command output could even be piped to another command.
Keep on reading!

bind – dns server queries statistics with statistics-file

There is an option “statistics-file” in the BIND9 configuration for query statistics. It will give you statistics for

  • Incoming Requests – total number of queries
  • Incoming Queries – queries by record type
  • Outgoing Queries – queries by record type per view
  • Name Server Statistics – extended queries statistics by network connection type (UDP, TCP or IPv4 and IPv6 interface), by type of answer (authoritative, non authoritative and so on) and more
  • Zone Maintenance Statistics – transfer and system queries
  • Resolver Statistics – recursive queries
  • Cache DB RRsets – cached resources records sets
  • Socket I/O Statistics – statistics numbers for UDP, TCP (for both IPv4 and IPV6) sockets and connections opened, closed, failure
  • Per Zone Query Statistics – so you can see how many queries you have for a zone in a view (and the transfers if the server is a slave)

In named.conf:

options {
....
    statistics-file "/var/log/named.stats";
    zone-statistics yes ;
....

But if you check in /var/log this file might be missing even your BIND server has been running for months!

This is because the statistics and the file is generated on request and is a snapshot at the moment you do the request

To request from the BIND server to generate the file is pretty easy:

root@srv ~ # rndc stats
root@srv ~ #

No standard output and you should have the stats file generated:

root@srv ~ # ls -altr /var/log/named.stats 
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named 174997 Apr  7 01:43 /var/log/named.stats

The generated requests are appended in the file with a UNIX timestamp.

....
--- Statistics Dump --- (1550561292)
+++ Statistics Dump +++ (1551233218)
....

Keep on reading!

Gentoo kde-frameworks/kdewebkit failed compilation with Qt5WebKit could not be found because dependency is required

Updating the KDE Plasma Desktop in our Gentoo workstations this time failed with 

CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake/Modules/CMakeFindDependencyMacro.cmake:48 (find_package):
  Found package configuration file:

    /usr/lib64/cmake/Qt5WebKit/Qt5WebKitConfig.cmake

  but it set Qt5WebKit_FOUND to FALSE so package "Qt5WebKit" is considered to
  be NOT FOUND.  Reason given by package:

  Qt5WebKit could not be found because dependency is required to have exact
  version 5.11.x.

It was strange because the previous emerge included the QT upgrade from old 5.11.2 to 5.12.1 and this dependency should have been resolved properly before:

emerge -vau $(qlist -IC|grep dev-qt|sort|uniq)

But apparently despite that the emerge built all QT libraries in dependency order the “dev-qt/qtwebkit” was built against the old QT libraries. And this is what is saying the above error!

The solution is really simple just rebuild the dev-qt/qtwebkit

root@srv ~ # emerge -va dev-qt/qtwebkit

These are the packages that would be merged, in order:

Calculating dependencies... done!
[ebuild   R    ] dev-qt/qtwebkit-5.212.0_pre20180120:5/5.212::gentoo  USE="X geolocation hyphen jit multimedia opengl printsupport qml -gles2 -gstreamer -nsplugin 
-orientation -webp" 0 KiB

Total: 1 package (1 reinstall), Size of downloads: 0 KiB

Would you like to merge these packages? [Yes/No] yes

Keep on reading!

nginx with php fpm (fastcgi) and the warning – an upstream response is buffered to a temporary file /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp

As the web grows and the technology advances the page size of the web sites also grows or just some times you might want to output a big chunk of data from your application server – PHP-FPM (but it could be any of another ruby, python, C, Django and more), for example.
Here is a fast configuration tip (note this is not the proxy-related warning!):

The default nginx buffers per CGI connection are too small

Here is what to do in your nginx configuration file:
First, look for a line “include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;” or similar and add or edit if they exist after this line:

        fastcgi_buffer_size 16k;
        fastcgi_buffers 32 16k;

Check out more for the buffers here http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.html#fastcgi_buffers
The warning should stop if it does not stop you can try raising them. It could consume more memory but could lower the IO usage of your disks and improve the performance of your site or whatever backend works!

Here is the warning in our nginx error logs. We got this warning when using php-fpm and the php output size was 325965 bytes (~320K).

2019/04/04 09:56:05 [warn] 24451#24451: *44269838 an upstream response is buffered to a temporary file /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp/0/12/0019966120 while reading upstream, client: 10.10.10.10, server: srv17.srv.en, request: "GET /api/20140102/product HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "srv17.srv.en"
2019/04/04 09:56:07 [warn] 24451#24451: *44269849 an upstream response is buffered to a temporary file /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp/2/12/0019966122 while reading upstream, client: 10.10.10.11, server: srv17.srv.en, request: "GET /api/20140102/product HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "srv17.srv.en"
2019/04/04 09:56:09 [warn] 24450#24450: *44269856 an upstream response is buffered to a temporary file /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp/7/12/0019966127 while reading upstream, client: 10.10.10.12, server: srv17.srv.en, request: "GET /api/20140102/product HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "srv17.srv.en"

Supermicro H11SSL-i and AMD EPYC 7351P with Linux installed – system (GCC flags),kernel and device information

Here is what you can expect if you have new Linux kernel 5.0.1 installed on H11SSL-i with AMD EPYC 7351P. Here you can see what is inside the BIOS – Supermicro H11SSL-i BIOS screenshot review – AMD EPYC 7351P 16-Core Processor

  • 3x SATA Controllers – SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 51)
  • 2x Ethernet Controllers – Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
  • 8x RAM DDIM in eight-channel mode

lspci – devices

Note there are 3 SATA controllers (SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 51)) for a total of 16 SATA physical onboard ports (8 of them are ordinary SATA physical ports on the board and for the other 8 you will need a cable – Supermicro MiniSAS HD to 4 SATA)!

00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Root Complex
00:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:01.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
00:01.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
00:01.4 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
00:01.5 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
00:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:04.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:07.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:07.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
00:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
00:14.0 SMBus: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SMBus Controller (rev 59)
00:14.3 ISA bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge (rev 51)
00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0
00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1
00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2
00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3
00:18.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4
00:18.5 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5
00:18.6 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6
00:18.7 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7
00:19.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0
00:19.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1
00:19.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2
00:19.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3
00:19.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4
00:19.5 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5
00:19.6 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6
00:19.7 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7
00:1a.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0
00:1a.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1
00:1a.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2
00:1a.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3
00:1a.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4
00:1a.5 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5
00:1a.6 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6
00:1a.7 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7
00:1b.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0
00:1b.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1
00:1b.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2
00:1b.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3
00:1b.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4
00:1b.5 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5
00:1b.6 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6
00:1b.7 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7
01:00.0 PCI bridge: ASPEED Technology, Inc. AST1150 PCI-to-PCI Bridge (rev 04)
02:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ASPEED Technology, Inc. ASPEED Graphics Family (rev 41)
03:00.0 USB controller: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1042A USB 3.0 Host Controller
04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
06:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 145a
06:00.2 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor
06:00.3 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] USB 3.0 Host controller
07:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1455
07:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1468
07:00.2 SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 51)
20:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Root Complex
20:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:03.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
20:03.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe GPP Bridge
20:04.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:07.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:07.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
20:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
20:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
21:00.0 USB controller: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1042A USB 3.0 Host Controller
22:00.0 USB controller: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1042A USB 3.0 Host Controller
23:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 145a
23:00.2 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor
23:00.3 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] USB 3.0 Host controller
24:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1455
24:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1468
40:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Root Complex
40:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:04.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:07.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:07.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
40:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
40:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
41:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 145a
41:00.2 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor
42:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1455
42:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1468
42:00.2 SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 51)
60:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Root Complex
60:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:04.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:07.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:07.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
60:08.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
60:08.1 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to Bus B
61:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 145a
61:00.2 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Family 17h (Models 00h-0fh) Platform Security Processor
62:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1455
62:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 1468
62:00.2 SATA controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 51)

Keep on reading!

Pages: Page 1, Page 2

Unpack centos 7 initramfs file with and without dracut skipcpio

In CentOS 7 the initramfs consists of two concatenated gzipped cpio files. If you want to check what files and probably configuration files are included you can unpack it, but you should use

the dracut tool skipcpio

/usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio <initramfs-file> | zcat | cpio -id --no-absolute-filenames

The following is the output of a CentOS 7

[root@srv ~]# mkdir initramfs-unpacked
[root@srv ~]# cd initramfs-unpacked/
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked]# /usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img | zcat | cpio -id --no-absolute-filenames
164026 blocks
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked]# ls -al
общо 52
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 .
dr-xr-x---.  5 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 ..
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7  1 Apr 11,48 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 dev
drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 etc
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   23  1 Apr 11,48 init -> usr/lib/systemd/systemd
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7  1 Apr 11,48 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    9  1 Apr 11,48 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 proc
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 root
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 run
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    8  1 Apr 11,48 sbin -> usr/sbin
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root 3117  1 Apr 11,48 shutdown
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 sys
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 sysroot
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 usr
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root 4096  1 Apr 11,48 var
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked]# ls -al /boot/
общо 114812
dr-xr-xr-x.  6 root root     4096 30 Mar  2,36 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 19 root root     4096 30 Mar  2,37 ..
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   151923 18 Mar 15,10 config-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root     4096 28 Jan 20,52 efi
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 30 Mar  2,29 grub
drwx------.  5 root root     4096 29 Mar 13,50 grub2
-rw-------.  1 root root 44256471 28 Jan 20,57 initramfs-0-rescue-05cb8c7b39fe0f70e3ce97e5beab809d.img
-rw-------.  1 root root 44821343 29 Mar 13,50 initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------.  1 root root 10982937 30 Mar  2,36 initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64kdump.img
drwx------.  2 root root    16384 29 Mar 13,46 lost+found
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   314087 18 Mar 15,10 symvers-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-------.  1 root root  3544363 18 Mar 15,10 System.map-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root  6639808 28 Jan 20,57 vmlinuz-0-rescue-05cb8c7b39fe0f70e3ce97e5beab809d
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root  6643904 18 Mar 15,10 vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root      171 18 Mar 15,10 .vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.hmac

You can see the init is handled by systemd!

Not using dracut skipcpio

early_cpio – dracut set this file at the beginning of the CentOS 7 initramfs. It contains the CPU microcode.
You can check it with “file” command and if it shows: “ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)” there is a microcode prepended to the initramfs file.

And here without the dracut skipcpio tool with an example:

  1. cpio the original initramfs and write down the number of blocks reported
  2. use dd to skip the first blocks from the above step
  3. Uncompress (and unpack) the file created by dd – this is the real initramfs file.

Here is how you can do it:

[root@srv ~]# file /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img
/boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)
[root@srv ~]# mkdir initramfs-unpacked-3
[root@srv ~]# cd initramfs-unpacked-3
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# cat /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img | cpio -idmv
.
early_cpio
kernel
kernel/x86
kernel/x86/microcode
kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
3412 blocks
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# dd if=/boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64.img of=initramfs-tmp.img bs=512 skip=3412
84129+1 records in
84129+1 records out
43074399 bytes (43 MB) copied, 0.191311 s, 225 MB/s
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# ls
early_cpio  initramfs-tmp.img  kernel
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# file initramfs-tmp.img 
initramfs-tmp.img: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Fri Mar 29 13:49:41 2019, max compression
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# zcat ./initramfs-tmp.img | cpio -idm
164026 blocks
[root@srv initramfs-unpacked-3]# ls -al
total 42128
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 .
dr-xr-x---. 10 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 ..
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root        7 Apr  1 12:38 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 dev
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root        2 Mar 29 13:49 early_cpio
drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 etc
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root       23 Apr  1 12:38 init -> usr/lib/systemd/systemd
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 43074399 Apr  1 12:35 initramfs-tmp.img
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 kernel
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root        7 Apr  1 12:38 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root        9 Apr  1 12:38 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 proc
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 root
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 run
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root        8 Apr  1 12:38 sbin -> usr/sbin
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root     3117 Nov  2 17:40 shutdown
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 sys
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 sysroot
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 29 13:49 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root     4096 Apr  1 12:38 var